During the end of the second world war in 1945,in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan use of atomic energy as weopen of war was brought the necessity of providing special medical care for the victims. The destructiveness of an atomic bomb is due to the most instantaneous transformation of an atomic energy. As per the formula of Einstein energy equals mass times the square of velocity of light,the fission of a single atom of uranium 235 will yield normally 200 million electron volts .th
come the construction of a weopen having 1000s times the destructive force of TNT. an atomic explosion produces results due to blast heat radiation,secondary fires and ionising radiation and then taken up in the mushroom of blast and ionised and then gravitating over a long time on a wide area causing i | contamination by blast hot radiation and secondary fires immediate delayed and persistent radiation. Effects will be inflicted upon living beings and plant life. In the case of burst on the ground or near ground level .the overall blast damage and destruction by heat flash and secondary fires would be less than in the case of an air burst. The heaviest destruction and concentration of persistent radiation will happen near the centre of the explosion. In case of under water burst there will be a minimum of physical damage from blast and fire. Although the proper gamma radiation would be largely absorbed by the water. There will be a radio active rain mixture of mist and fog in wide area. The biological effects of an atomic explosion on the human body exposed to penetrating and non penetrating ionising radiation effects due to flash and fire and blast and pressure waves.
Effects of heat flash blast and radiation are the main causes of capillary bleeding
In various organs and tissues and necrosis and infections later on. These secondary effects are mostly directed or are due to delayed irradiation. Blood cells in bone marrow and germ cells and malignant cells of the skin and the cells of secretory glands are soon affected.
In various organs and tissues and necrosis and infections later on. These secondary effects are mostly directed or are due to delayed irradiation. Blood cells in bone marrow and germ cells and malignant cells of the skin and the cells of secretory glands are soon affected.
Protection against atomic explosion. Against explosive flashes and fire and blasts depending on distance from the point of explosion. Concrete reinforced
buildings and deep shelters and trenches etc.afford protection to some extent. Concrete brick and earth have great protective value. Inflammable items like wooden structure catches fire soon. To avoid internal radiation by inhalation or radioactive air and dust in contaminated area or by ingestion of infected food and drinks no person should enter a contaminated area with out respirator or should not touch food or water unless it has been declared safe by a monitoring team.
The main difference between an atomic disaster and other heavy explosions are the suddenness and magnitude of the former event. Forty thousands to fifty thousands sick and injured excluding dead may occur as a result of one detonation. There is heavy blast damage from the epicentre to a distance of about two km. High wind produces to secondary fires. This is called as the fire storm and the areas by untouched the blast may thus be burnt out mostly. Suitable under ground shelters with thick non inflammable walls and roofs and monitoring of all suspected areas and subjects to be observed. Avoid entry into the area contaminated. Decontamination of persons and equipment at decontamination centres and periodical medical examination of rescue workers and cases of exposed to small doses of radiation. Prohibition of the consumption of suspected food,water, milk. Fruits vegetables, etc.
buildings and deep shelters and trenches etc.afford protection to some extent. Concrete brick and earth have great protective value. Inflammable items like wooden structure catches fire soon. To avoid internal radiation by inhalation or radioactive air and dust in contaminated area or by ingestion of infected food and drinks no person should enter a contaminated area with out respirator or should not touch food or water unless it has been declared safe by a monitoring team.
The main difference between an atomic disaster and other heavy explosions are the suddenness and magnitude of the former event. Forty thousands to fifty thousands sick and injured excluding dead may occur as a result of one detonation. There is heavy blast damage from the epicentre to a distance of about two km. High wind produces to secondary fires. This is called as the fire storm and the areas by untouched the blast may thus be burnt out mostly. Suitable under ground shelters with thick non inflammable walls and roofs and monitoring of all suspected areas and subjects to be observed. Avoid entry into the area contaminated. Decontamination of persons and equipment at decontamination centres and periodical medical examination of rescue workers and cases of exposed to small doses of radiation. Prohibition of the consumption of suspected food,water, milk. Fruits vegetables, etc.
First aid treatment for atomic bomb casualties.
Treatment of burns. Burns caused by flash and fire will always carry a huge amount of patients. In order to reduce fatalities and disfiguring disabilities these cases will require special treatment. It is,therefore,require special treatment centres known as burn centres with sufficient accommodation.equipment,staff and adequate facilies are made available.
Burns may also be produced by beta particles received in fallout.so that.exposed patients must be thoroughly and quickly decondaminated under a shower with soap.
Multiple injuries. Injuries like fractures and wounds of parts boby will need surgical and sapportive treatment.ln addition to this.decontamination of these patients should be done as they might have received small doses of radiation.
Burns may also be produced by beta particles received in fallout.so that.exposed patients must be thoroughly and quickly decondaminated under a shower with soap.
Multiple injuries. Injuries like fractures and wounds of parts boby will need surgical and sapportive treatment.ln addition to this.decontamination of these patients should be done as they might have received small doses of radiation.
Treatment of radiation injuries. Decondamination of all to have been exposed radiation is the first procedure. A shower bath with soft soap is the initial requrement. Early treatment of shock,maintenance water and electrolyte balance.etc.is esential. Then infection and anaemia are to be treated.
Prevention of delayed effects. Those case need constant vigilance.normaly the nervous system and gastro intestinal tract syndromes are lethal with in 2 weeks. People who develop feeling of vomiting and persistent of vomiting after exposure may require medicines and replacement of fluid if necesssry. In some cases it may be the symptoms of
Psychogenic origin. The main problem in survivors will be associated with bone marrow depression.
Psychogenic origin. The main problem in survivors will be associated with bone marrow depression.
The medical need will rise suddenly when radio active disaster occurs in thickly populated cities or industrial areas. Casaulity evacuation squards with special training are necessery. They must have suitable protective clothing. Most people with in a 15 km radius from the detonation of a megaton bomb will be killed by blast and heat.if they are not ln a blast resistant shelter. Training of the public and dessimination of information regarding atomic disaster must be carried out in peace time to make a sense of confidence ln them. Mefical and nursing staff and other staff shall have to be specially trained. Similiarly the relief organidations for the supply of food,water,clothing,etc for life of victims of the explosion are also necessary.
Pmkutty.
