Life on earth exists within an envelop of atmosphere which surrounds the earth for about 100 km above it.This atmospheric envelop has 3 zones;the inner most extending up to 11 km is called "troposphere",the middle zone up to 20 km is the stratosphere and the outer most is ionosphere.The narrow belt between first and third zone is called troposphere
which almost completely separates these two zones having contrasting characteristics as explained below.
The temperature in the troposphere decreases as the height increases,at the rough rate of 0.65 per 100 meters until it goes down to about 55 c beyond the troposphere up to 32 km it is almost constant;there after goes on increasing so that between 50 to 60 km it is more than that at the sea level.The troposphere contains 80% of total bulk of the air and almost all moisture and terrestrial dust of the atmosphere.The troposphere does not permit dispersion of the mass of air from the troposphere into the stratosphere.In the troposphere there are eddies and turbulence which produce vertical air currents causing cloud formations and rain fall.
The stratosphere is very calm,and clouds do not rise above troposphere. .All ultra violet below 0.29u (2900A)
absorbed ozone above the troposphere which also stops the electrical storms which are common in the stratosphere.The troposphere so acts as an insulating blanket and barrier which keeps the envelope of gaseous, troposphere moving within its bounds with out being disturbed by cosmic events,harmful radiation
and electric storms of outer space,or getting lost in the void of outer space.Life ceases instantaneously above 10000 meres.Atmosphere contains air,water vapor Radiation and dust.
The air in its dry state has 78 percent nitrogen,21 percent oxygen and the remaining 1 percent is hydrogen,
carbon dioxide,ozone,and a mixture of other gases,such as org on,neon,radon,etc.Oxygen is the vital constituent of atmosphere as with out it no life could exist on earth,but pure oxygen would oxidase and eradicate all living matter and nitrogen dilutes it correctly.
WEATHER,CLIMATE AND SEASONS:The result of the dynamic meteorological events like high or low barometric pressure waves,gales,storms,rain falls,clouds,hail stones ,snow falls typify the weather of a place.The fundamentals which determine these events at a place are due to the meteorological factors are due to the duration of solar radiation,temperature,the air movement,and the humidity of the atmosphere,altitude and latitude,and also the difference from oceans and presence and direction of ocean currents.Each of the factors modifies others and all influenced by the topographical factors/features.The combination of all of these factors over a definite period is called weather.Its effect on human beings,not upon each individual factor but upon the resultant combination of all of them and the final effect on the human sensation is produced by the most dominant of the meteorological factors,so,weather is proscribed as warm,cold,chilly,rainy,or just fine,lousy or miserable.These adjectives describe the human sensation create by the particular weather conditions rather than the weathers themselves or the meteorological events.
RAIN,HAIL STONES,FOG AND MIST AND SNOW FORMATIONS.
Water has a higher specific heat than the earths crust.It is ,therefore,oceans absorb more from solar radiation,retain it for longer period and give it out more slowly than the earth.There fore,the
temperature during the day is always higher on land than on the oceans.This keeps a difference in temperature on land and sea and produces air movements from the see towards the earth and viz versa.
The moister laden winds from oceans blowing towards land raises up and form clouds with condense as
rain,Rotation round of the earth with its axis gives winds their horizontal directions ,clouds,rain,hail stones,snow,fog,mist and etc,all are different graduations of the condemnation of atmosphere moisture when the moisture laden is cooled.Its contact with the surface of earth produces mist,when air cools about to 1digree centigrade become water.Snow is formed when went like low or high water vapour freezes directly into solid flakes with out going through the intermediate state of water drops.
GENERAL INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL BEING.
Climate determines the energy level of of man in a given environment.In a tropical climate,to counteract the difficulty in heat loss ,man has adopted to a lower level of of heat production.The vital capacity in healthy young adults living near the equator only a little more than half of the vital capacity in similar individuals in a living in a temperate climate.An inverse relationship between tissue combustion and external temperature
exists.Subtropical and temperate climate are best suited to man s fullest efficiency as moderate variations to maintain the vigour to improve progress. In the tropics the lowered general tissue vitality from the sluggish cellular combustion keeps human development motionless.Climate effects are well manifested during adaptation in contrast to completely adapted persons.In the same persons the physiological and metabolic
differences can also be the result of seasonal variations where such are marked.
THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON HEALTH.
Climate adversely influences human health directly by the effects of vagaries and extremes;indirectly by influencing mans metabolism or defensive mechanisms;and remotely by modifying his total environs.when direct adverse effects are caused when exposed to climatic extremes when the homeostatic mechanism fail
due to severity of or prolonged exposure or non-adaptability to the extremes,or physiological dysfunction.
Cold injuries like frost bite,heat injuries like heat stroke heat exhaustion sun burns and high altitude hypoxia,etc are the main adverse effects of cold and heat.Incidence of infection and illness,functional deficiency or inefficiency due to them are much commoner than due to direct influences.
FORECASTING OF WEATHER :weather forecasting helps us in planning for agricultural,navigational,aviational and other such activities which are influenced by weather conditions.It is also desirable to know the usual weather and climate conditions for planning of prevention and control of diseases,predict the levels of human efficiency,foresee the dangers of climatic extremes and vagaries on men
and plan for the prevention of their effects.
pmkutty
which almost completely separates these two zones having contrasting characteristics as explained below.
The temperature in the troposphere decreases as the height increases,at the rough rate of 0.65 per 100 meters until it goes down to about 55 c beyond the troposphere up to 32 km it is almost constant;there after goes on increasing so that between 50 to 60 km it is more than that at the sea level.The troposphere contains 80% of total bulk of the air and almost all moisture and terrestrial dust of the atmosphere.The troposphere does not permit dispersion of the mass of air from the troposphere into the stratosphere.In the troposphere there are eddies and turbulence which produce vertical air currents causing cloud formations and rain fall.
The stratosphere is very calm,and clouds do not rise above troposphere. .All ultra violet below 0.29u (2900A)
absorbed ozone above the troposphere which also stops the electrical storms which are common in the stratosphere.The troposphere so acts as an insulating blanket and barrier which keeps the envelope of gaseous, troposphere moving within its bounds with out being disturbed by cosmic events,harmful radiation
and electric storms of outer space,or getting lost in the void of outer space.Life ceases instantaneously above 10000 meres.Atmosphere contains air,water vapor Radiation and dust.
The air in its dry state has 78 percent nitrogen,21 percent oxygen and the remaining 1 percent is hydrogen,
carbon dioxide,ozone,and a mixture of other gases,such as org on,neon,radon,etc.Oxygen is the vital constituent of atmosphere as with out it no life could exist on earth,but pure oxygen would oxidase and eradicate all living matter and nitrogen dilutes it correctly.
WEATHER,CLIMATE AND SEASONS:The result of the dynamic meteorological events like high or low barometric pressure waves,gales,storms,rain falls,clouds,hail stones ,snow falls typify the weather of a place.The fundamentals which determine these events at a place are due to the meteorological factors are due to the duration of solar radiation,temperature,the air movement,and the humidity of the atmosphere,altitude and latitude,and also the difference from oceans and presence and direction of ocean currents.Each of the factors modifies others and all influenced by the topographical factors/features.The combination of all of these factors over a definite period is called weather.Its effect on human beings,not upon each individual factor but upon the resultant combination of all of them and the final effect on the human sensation is produced by the most dominant of the meteorological factors,so,weather is proscribed as warm,cold,chilly,rainy,or just fine,lousy or miserable.These adjectives describe the human sensation create by the particular weather conditions rather than the weathers themselves or the meteorological events.
RAIN,HAIL STONES,FOG AND MIST AND SNOW FORMATIONS.
Water has a higher specific heat than the earths crust.It is ,therefore,oceans absorb more from solar radiation,retain it for longer period and give it out more slowly than the earth.There fore,the
temperature during the day is always higher on land than on the oceans.This keeps a difference in temperature on land and sea and produces air movements from the see towards the earth and viz versa.
The moister laden winds from oceans blowing towards land raises up and form clouds with condense as
rain,Rotation round of the earth with its axis gives winds their horizontal directions ,clouds,rain,hail stones,snow,fog,mist and etc,all are different graduations of the condemnation of atmosphere moisture when the moisture laden is cooled.Its contact with the surface of earth produces mist,when air cools about to 1digree centigrade become water.Snow is formed when went like low or high water vapour freezes directly into solid flakes with out going through the intermediate state of water drops.
GENERAL INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL BEING.
Climate determines the energy level of of man in a given environment.In a tropical climate,to counteract the difficulty in heat loss ,man has adopted to a lower level of of heat production.The vital capacity in healthy young adults living near the equator only a little more than half of the vital capacity in similar individuals in a living in a temperate climate.An inverse relationship between tissue combustion and external temperature
exists.Subtropical and temperate climate are best suited to man s fullest efficiency as moderate variations to maintain the vigour to improve progress. In the tropics the lowered general tissue vitality from the sluggish cellular combustion keeps human development motionless.Climate effects are well manifested during adaptation in contrast to completely adapted persons.In the same persons the physiological and metabolic
differences can also be the result of seasonal variations where such are marked.
THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON HEALTH.
Climate adversely influences human health directly by the effects of vagaries and extremes;indirectly by influencing mans metabolism or defensive mechanisms;and remotely by modifying his total environs.when direct adverse effects are caused when exposed to climatic extremes when the homeostatic mechanism fail
due to severity of or prolonged exposure or non-adaptability to the extremes,or physiological dysfunction.
Cold injuries like frost bite,heat injuries like heat stroke heat exhaustion sun burns and high altitude hypoxia,etc are the main adverse effects of cold and heat.Incidence of infection and illness,functional deficiency or inefficiency due to them are much commoner than due to direct influences.
FORECASTING OF WEATHER :weather forecasting helps us in planning for agricultural,navigational,aviational and other such activities which are influenced by weather conditions.It is also desirable to know the usual weather and climate conditions for planning of prevention and control of diseases,predict the levels of human efficiency,foresee the dangers of climatic extremes and vagaries on men
and plan for the prevention of their effects.
pmkutty
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